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+From: [email protected] (Steven Rix)
+Newsgroups: rec.games.chess
+Subject: 1993 FIDE Laws of Chess
+Date: 16 Apr 93
+
+
+                        The F.I.D.E. Laws Of Chess 
+                        ==========================
+ 
+Preface   
+-------
+
+   The Laws of Chess cannot cover all possible situations that may 
+arise during a game, nor can they regulate all administrative questions. 
+Where cases are not precisely regulated by an Article of the Laws, it 
+should be possible to reach a correct decision by studying analogous
+situations which are discussed in the Laws.
+
+   The Laws assume arbiters have the necessary competence, sound
+judgment and absolute objectivity. Too detailed a rule might deprive
+the arbiter of his freedom of judgment and thus prevent him from finding
+the solution to a problem dictated by fairness, logic and special factors.
+
+   F.I.D.E. appeals to all chess players and federations to accept 
+this view. Any chess federation that already operates, or wants to 
+introduce, more detailed rules is free to do so, provided:
+
+ (a)  they do not conflict in any way with the official 
+F.I.D.E. Laws of Chess;
+
+ (b)  they are limited to the territory of the federation in
+question; and
+
+ (c)  they are not valid for any F.I.D.E. match, championship,
+or qualifying event, or to a F.I.D.E. title or rating tournament.
+                 
+   In the Articles of these Laws, "he", "him" and "his" can refer to 
+"she", "her" and "hers".
+
+ 
+
+Article 1:    The Chessboard 
+----------    --------------      
+
+      The game of chess is played between two opponents by moving pieces
+      on a square board called a  "chessboard".
+  
+ 1.1  The chessboard is composed of 64 equal squares, alternately light 
+      (the  "white" squares) and dark (the  "black" squares).
+
+ 1.2  The chessboard is placed between the players in such a way that 
+      the near corner to the right of each player is white.
+
+ 1.3  The eight vertical rows of squares are called  "files".
+
+ 1.4  The eight horizontal rows of squares are called  "ranks".
+
+ 1.5  The lines of squares of the same colour, touching corner to corner, 
+       are called  "diagonals".
+
+ 
+
+Article 2:    The Pieces   
+----------    ----------    
+
+ 2.1  At the beginning of the game, one player has 16 light-coloured 
+      pieces (the  "white" pieces), the other has 16 dark-coloured 
+      pieces (the  "black"  pieces.
+
+ 2.2  These pieces are as follows: 
+      A white king:          K            A black king:        k  
+      A white queen:         Q            A black queen:       q  
+      Two white rooks:       R            Two black rooks:     r  
+      Two white knights:     N            Two black knights:   n  
+      Two white bishops:     B            Two black bishops:   b  
+      Eight white pawns:     P            Eight black pawns:   p  
+
+ 2.3  The initial position of the pieces on the chessboard is as follows:
+
+      |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+      | r | n | b | q | k | b | n | r |   -- this square is "black"
+      |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+      | p | p | p | p | p | p | p | p |
+      |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+      |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
+      |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+      | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
+      |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+      |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
+      |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+      | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
+      |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+      | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
+      |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+      | R | N | B | Q | K | B | N | R |   -- this square is "white"
+      |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ 
+ 
+
+Article 3:    The Right To Move 
+----------    -----------------    
+
+ 3.1  The player with the white pieces commences the game. The players
+      alternate in making one move at a time until the game is completed. 
+      
+ 3.2  A player is said to  "have the move" when his opponent's move 
+      has been completed.
+
+ 
+
+Article 4:    The General Definition Of The Move    
+----------    ----------------------------------
+ 
+ 4.1  With the exception of castling (Article 5.1(b)), a move is the
+      transfer by a player of one of his pieces from one square to 
+      another square, which is either vacant or occupied by an opponent's 
+      piece. 
+      [A capture is, therefore, merely a certain type of move.] 
+
+ 4.2  No piece, except the rook when castling (Article 5.1(b)) and the
+      knight (Article 5.5), may cross a square occupied by another piece.
+
+ 4.3  A piece played to a square occupied by an opponent's piece captures 
+      it as part of the same move. The captured piece must be removed
+      immediately from the chessboard by the player making the capture 
+      (see Article 5.6(c) for capturing "en passant").
+
+ 
+
+Article 5:    The Moves Of The Pieces     
+----------    -----------------------
+ 
+ 5.1  The King:
+      (a)  Except when castling, the king moves to any adjoining square 
+           that is not attacked by an opponent's piece.
+      (b)  Castling is a move of the king and either rook, counting as a
+           single move of the king and executed as follows: the king is
+           transferred from its original square two squares toward either 
+           rook on the same rank; then that rook is transferred over the 
+           king to the square the king has just crossed.
+      (c)  If a player touches a rook and then his king, he may not castle 
+           with that rook and the situation will by governed by Articles 
+           7.2 and 7.3 [Touched Piece rules].
+      (d)  If a player, intending to castle, touches the king first, or
+           king and rook at the same time, and it then appears that castling 
+           is illegal, the player may choose either to move his king or to 
+           castle on the other side, provided that castling on that side is 
+           legal. If the king has no legal move, the player is free to make 
+           any legal move.
+      (e)  Castling is [permanently] illegal:
+           (i)  if the king has already been moved; or
+          (ii)  with a rook that has already been moved.
+      (f)  Castling is prevented for the time being:
+           (i)  if the king's original square, or the square which the king 
+                must pass over, or that which it is to occupy, is attacked 
+                by an  opponent's piece; or
+          (ii)  if there is any piece between the king and the rook with
+                which castling is to be effected [i.e. castling may still 
+                be legal even if the rook is attacked or, when castling 
+                queenside, passes over an attacked square] .
+
+ 5.2  The Queen.
+      The queen moves to any square (except as limited by Article 4.2)
+      [No leapfrogging]  on the file, rank, or diagonals on which it stands.
+
+ 5.3  The Rook.
+      The rook moves to any square (except as limited by Article 4.2) on the 
+      file or rank on which it stands.
+
+ 5.4  The Bishop.
+      The bishop moves to any square (except as limited by Article 4.2) on 
+      the diagonals on which it stands.
+
+ 5.5  The Knight.
+      The knight's move is composed of two different steps; first, it makes
+      one step of one single square along its rank or file, and then, still
+      moving away from the square of departure, one step of one single
+      square on a diagonal. It does not matter if the square of the first
+      step is occupied.
+
+ 5.6  The Pawn.
+      (a)  The pawn may move only forward [except as limited by Article 4.2].
+      (b)  Except when making a capture, it advances from its original 
+           square either one or two vacant squares along the file on which 
+           it is placed, and on subsequent moves it advances one vacant 
+           square along the file. When capturing, it advances one square 
+           along either of the diagonals on which it stands.
+      (c)  A pawn, attacking a square crossed by an opponent's pawn which
+           has  [just]  been advanced two squares in one move from its 
+           original square, may capture this opponent's pawn as though the 
+           latter had been moved only one square. This capture may only be 
+           made in [immediate] reply to such an advance, and is called an     
+           "en passant"  capture.
+      (d)  On reaching the last rank, a pawn must immediately be exchanged, 
+           as part of the same move, for [either] a queen, a rook, a bishop, 
+           or a knight, of the same colour as the pawn, at the player's 
+           choice and without taking into account the other pieces still 
+           remaining on the chessboard. This exchange of a pawn for another 
+           piece is called  "promotion", and the effect of the promoted 
+           piece is immediate [and permanent!].
+      (e)  In a competition, if a new piece required for the promotion is 
+           not immediately available, the player may stop his clock to ask 
+           for the assistance of the arbiter. The player must complete his 
+           move correctly, in the manner specified in Article 5.6(d).
+
+ 
+
+Article 6:    The Completion Of The Move    
+----------    --------------------------
+ 
+      A move is completed:
+
+ 6.1  in the case of the transfer of a piece to a vacant square, when 
+      the player's hand has released the piece;
+
+ 6.2  in the case of a capture, when the captured piece has been removed
+      from the chessboard and the player, having placed his own piece on 
+      its new square, has released this [capturing] piece from his hand;
+
+ 6.3  in the case of castling, when the player's hand has released the 
+      rook on the square [previously] crossed by the king. When the player 
+      has released the king from his hand, the move is not yet completed, 
+      but the player no longer has the right to make any move other than 
+      castling on that side, if this is legal;
+
+ 6.4  in the case of the promotion of a pawn, when the pawn has been
+      removed from the chessboard and the player's hand has released the 
+      new piece after placing it on the promotion square. If the player 
+      has released from his hand the pawn that has reached the promotion 
+      square, the move is not yet completed, but the player no longer has 
+      the right to play the pawn to another square.
+
+ 6.5  When determining whether the prescribed number of moves has been made 
+      in the allotted time, the last move is not considered complete until 
+      after the player has stopped his clock. This applies to all situations 
+      except those governed by Articles 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 and 10.6. 
+      [i.e. when the move has been completed in the sense of Articles 6.1-6.4, 
+      and the game ends immediately after the move in question, which may, 
+      for example, put the player's opponent into checkmate. This Law was 
+      introduced to prevent the situation where a player returns to the board 
+      to claim a win on time, possibly an hour after being checkmated!] .
+
+ 
+
+Article 7:    The Touched Piece 
+----------    ----------------- 
+
+ 7.1  Provided that he first expresses his intention (e.g. by saying
+      "j'adoube"), the player having the move may adjust one or more pieces 
+      on their squares.    
+      [If a player's opponent is absent from the chessboard, it is best to 
+      inform one of his team-mates, or some other witness.] 
+
+ 7.2  Except for the above case, if the player having the move deliberately 
+      touches on the board:
+      (a)  one or more pieces of the same colour, he must move or capture
+           the first piece he touched that can be moved or captured; or
+      (b)  one of his own pieces and one of his opponent's pieces, he must
+           capture his opponent's piece with his own piece; or, if this is 
+           illegal, move or capture the first piece he touched that can be 
+           moved or captured. If it is impossible to establish which piece 
+           was touched first, the player's piece shall be considered the 
+           touched piece.
+
+ 7.3  If none of the touched pieces has a legal move (or if none of the
+      opponent's pieces which were touched can be captured legally), the 
+      player is free to make any legal move.
+
+ 7.4  If a player wishes to claim that his opponent has violated Article
+      7.2, he must do so before he himself touches a piece.
+      [Note that the clause "deliberately touches" protects a player from 
+      having to move a piece accidentally touched by his elbow/wrist etc] 
+
+ 
+
+Article 8:    Illegal Positions 
+----------    -----------------
+
+ 8.1  If, during a game, it is found that an illegal move was made, the
+      position shall be reinstated to what it was before the illegal move 
+      was made. The game shall then continue by applying the rules of 
+      Article 7 to the move replacing the illegal move. If the position 
+      cannot be reinstated, the game shall be annulled and a new game 
+      played. This applies to all sessions of play, and to a game awaiting 
+      a decision by adjudication.    
+      [Note that this discovery of an illegal move must be made while the 
+      game is still in progress, before resignation or the agreement of a 
+      draw. The only possible exception can be if the illegal move itself 
+      would theoretically end the game: anyone trying the trick 1. e2-e4 
+      e7-e5; 2. Bf1-c4 Ng8-f6; 3. Qd1xf7 "mate" may be penalised under 
+      Article 10.17! Note that the act of playing an illegal move, at ANY 
+      stage of the game, does not IN ITSELF forfeit the game.] 
+
+ 8.2  If, during a game, one or more pieces have been accidentally
+      displaced and incorrectly replaced, the position before the 
+      displacement occurred shall be reinstated, and the game shall 
+      continue. If the position cannot be reinstated, the game shall be 
+      annulled and a new game played.
+
+ 8.3  If a player moves and in the course of this inadvertently knocks 
+      over a piece, or several pieces, he must re-establish the position 
+      in his own time. 
+
+ 8.4  If, after an adjournment, the position is incorrectly set up, the 
+      position as it was on adjournment must be set up again and the game 
+      continued. 
+
+ 8.5  If, during a game, it is found that the initial position of the 
+      pieces was incorrect, the game shall be annulled and a new game played.
+
+ 8.6  If a game has begun with colours incorrectly reversed, then it shall 
+      continue if more than one quarter of the time allocated to both 
+      players to the first time control has elapsed. Earlier, the arbiter 
+      can arrange for a new game to start with the correct colours, if the 
+      event's timetable is not excessively disrupted. 
+
+ 8.7  If, during a game, it is found that the board has been placed contrary 
+      to Article 1.2, the position reached should be transferred to a
+      correctly-placed board, and the game continued. 
+      [In the situations covered by Articles 8.5-8.7, a spectator is 
+      justified in pointing out to the arbiter the error he has noticed. 
+      In Article 8.7, the implicit assumption is that the relative 
+      positions of the pieces relative to one another were correct] .
+
+ 
+
+Article 9:    Check   
+----------    -----   
+
+ 9.1  The king is in "check" when the square it occupies is attacked by 
+      one or more of the opponent's pieces; in this case, the latter is/are 
+      said to be  "checking" the king. A player may not make a move which 
+      leaves his king on a square attacked by any of his opponent's pieces.
+
+ 9.2  Check must be parried by the move immediately following. If any check 
+      cannot be parried, the king is said to be "checkmated" ("mated").
+ 9.3  Declaring a check is not obligatory. 
+      [Merely polite! Playing an illegal move does not imply the loss of 
+      the game: see Article 8.1.] 
+
+ 
+ 
+Article 10:    The Completed Game  
+-----------    ------------------
+ 
+10.1  The game is won by the player who has checkmated his opponent's 
+      king. This immediately ends the game.
+
+10.2  The game is won by the player whose opponent declares he resigns.
+      This immediately ends the game.
+
+10.3  The game is drawn when the king of the player who has the move is 
+      not in check, and this player cannot make any legal move. The player's 
+      king is then said to be "stalemated". This immediately ends the game. 
+      [If the stalemating move was actually legal!] .
+
+10.4  The game is drawn when one of the following endings arises:
+      (a)  king against king;
+      (b)  king against king with only bishop or knight;
+      (c)  king and bishop against king and bishop, with both bishops 
+           on diagonals of the same colour.
+      This immediately ends the game.
+
+10.5  A player having a bare king cannot win the game. A draw shall be 
+      declared if the opponent of a player with a bare king oversteps the 
+      time limit (Articles 10.13 and 10.14) or seals an illegal move 
+      (Articles 10.16).
+
+10.6  The game is drawn upon agreement between the two players. This 
+      immediately ends the game.
+
+10.7  A proposal of a draw under the provisions of Article 10.6 may be
+      made by a player only at the moment when he has just moved a piece. 
+      On then proposing a draw, he starts the clock of his opponent. The 
+      latter may accept the proposal, which is always to be taken as 
+      unconditional, or he may reject it either orally or by completing a 
+      move. A draw offer is valid until the opponent has accepted or 
+      rejected it.
+      [The gamesmanship question "Are you playing for a win?" can be 
+      considered as an offer of a draw] .
+
+10.8  If a player proposes a draw while his opponent's clock is running 
+      and his opponent is contemplating his move, the opponent may still 
+      agree to the draw or reject the offer. A player who offers a draw 
+      in this manner may be penalised by the arbiter.
+
+10.9  If a player proposes a draw while his own clock is running or after 
+      his move has been sealed, the opponent may postpone his decision 
+      until after he has seen the first player's move. 
+
+10.10 The game is drawn, upon a claim by the player having the move, when 
+      the same position, for the third time:
+      (a)  is about to appear, if he first writes the move on his scoresheet 
+           and declares to the arbiter his intention of making this move; or 
+      (b)  has just appeared, the same player having the move each time. 
+      The position is considered the same if pieces of the same kind and 
+      colour occupy the same squares, and if all the possible moves of all 
+      the pieces are the same, including the rights to castle [at some 
+      future time] or to capture a pawn "en passant".
+
+10.11 If a player executes a move without having claimed a draw for one 
+      of the reasons stated in Article 10.10, he loses the right to claim 
+      a draw. This right is restored to him, however, if the same position    
+      [later] appears again, the same player having the move.
+
+10.12 The game is drawn when a player having the move claims a draw and 
+      demonstrates that at least [the last?] 50 consecutive moves have been 
+      made by each side without the capture of any piece and without the 
+      movement of any pawn. This number of 50 moves can be increased for 
+      certain positions, provided that this increase in number and these 
+      positions have been clearly announced by the organisers before the 
+      event starts.
+      [The claim then proceeds according to 10.13. The most extreme case 
+      yet known of a position which might take more than 50 moves to win is
+      king, rook and bishop against king and two knights, which can run for 
+      223 moves between captures!] 
+
+10.13 If a player claims a draw under the provisions of Articles 10.10 
+      and/or 10.12, the arbiter must first stop the clocks while the claim 
+      is being investigated. In the absence of the arbiter, a player may
+      stop both clocks to seek the arbiter's assistance.
+      (a)  If the claim is found to be correct, the game is drawn.
+      (b)  If the claim is found to be incorrect, the arbiter shall then 
+           add five minutes to the claimant's used time. If this means that 
+           the claimant has [now] overstepped the time limit, his game will 
+           be declared lost. Otherwise, the game will be continued, and a 
+           player who has indicated a move according to Article 10.10(a) is 
+           obliged to execute this move on the chessboard.
+      (c)  A player who has made a claim under these Articles cannot 
+           withdraw the claim.
+
+10.14 The game is lost by a player who has not completed the prescribed
+      number of moves in the allotted time, unless his opponent has only 
+      the king remaining, in which case the game is drawn. (See Articles 6.5 
+      and 10.5.)
+      [Situations when Articles 10.1-10.4 or 10.6 apply are the only other 
+      exceptions.] 
+
+10.15 The game is lost by a player who arrives at the chessboard more than 
+      one hour late, for the beginning of the game or for the resumption of
+      an adjourned game. The time of delay is counted from the [scheduled]  
+      start of the playing session. However, in the case of an adjourned 
+      game, if the player who made the sealed move is the late player, the 
+      game is decided otherwise if:
+      (a)  the absent player has won the game by virtue of the fact that 
+           the  sealed move is checkmate; or
+      (b)  the absent player has produced a drawn game by virtue of the
+           fact that the sealed move is stalemate, or if one of the 
+           positions in Article 10.4 has arisen as a consequence of the 
+           sealed move; or
+      (c)  the player present at the chessboard has lost the game according 
+           to Article 10.14 by exceeding his time limit.
+
+10.16 At the resumption, the game is lost by a player whose recording
+      of his sealed move:
+      (a)  is ambiguous; or
+      (b)  would result in a false move the true significance of which is 
+           impossible to establish; or 
+      (c)  would result in an illegal move.
+
+10.17 The game is lost by a player who, during the game, refuses to comply 
+      with the Laws. If both players refuse to comply with the Laws, or if 
+      both players arrive at the chessboard more than one hour late, the 
+      game shall be declared lost by both players.
+
+ 
+
+Article 11:    The Recording Of Games    
+-----------    ----------------------
+ 
+11.1  In the course of play, each player is required to record the game
+      (his own moves and those of his opponent), move after move, as 
+      clearly and legibly as possible in the Algebraic Notation, on the 
+      scoresheet prescribed for the competition. It is irrelevant whether 
+      the player first makes his move and then records it, or vice versa.
+      [The use of Descriptive Notation or foreign versions of Algebraic 
+      Notation is tolerated in internal tournaments, e.g. weekend
+      congresses.] 
+
+11.2  If a player has less than five minutes on his clock until the time
+      control, he is not obliged to meet the requirements of Article 11.1. 
+      As soon as the special device (e.g. the flag) on the clock indicates 
+      the end of his allotted time, the player must immediately complete 
+      his record of the game by filling in the moves omitted from his 
+      scoresheet. 
+      [A player may be justified in restarting his opponent's clock, 
+      without having to make a move, if his opponent has more than 5 minutes 
+      left and is not fulfilling the requirements of Article 11.1. A player 
+      cannot stop his clock unless he has recorded at least his opponent's
+      last move and all previous moves of the game.] 
+
+11.3  If both players cannot keep score, the arbiter, or his deputy, must 
+      endeavour to be present and keep score. The arbiter must not intervene 
+      unless one flag falls, and until then he should not indicate in any 
+      manner to the players how many moves have been made.
+
+11.4  If Article 11.2 does not apply, and a player refuses to record the
+      game according to Article 11.1, then Article 10.17 should be applied
+      [Failure to comply with the Laws of Chess]. 
+
+11.5  If a player does not refuse to comply with the arbiter's request for 
+      a completed scoresheet, but declares that he cannot complete his 
+      scoresheet without consulting his opponent's, the request for this 
+      scoresheet must be made to the arbiter, who will determine whether 
+      the scoresheet can be completed before the time-control without 
+      inconveniencing the other player. The latter cannot refuse his 
+      scoresheet, because the scoresheet belongs to the organisers and the 
+      reconstruction will be made in his opponent's time. In all other 
+      cases, the scoresheets can be completed only after the time-control.
+
+11.6  If, after the time-control, one player alone has to complete his
+      scoresheet, he will do so before making another move, and with his 
+      clock running if his opponent has moved.
+
+11.7  If, after the time-control, both players need to complete their
+      scoresheets, both clocks will be stopped until the two scoresheets 
+      are completed, if necessary with the help of the arbiter's scoresheet 
+      and/or a chessboard under the control of the arbiter, who should have 
+      recorded the actual game position beforehand. 
+      [In case this position gets disturbed!] 
+
+11.8  If, in Article 11.6, the arbiter sees that the scoresheets alone cannot 
+      help in the reconstruction of the game, he will act as in Article 11.7.
+
+11.9  If it proves impossible to reconstruct the moves as prescribed under 
+      Article 11.7, the game shall continue. In this case, the next move
+      played will be considered to be the first one of the following 
+      time-control.
+
+ 
+
+Article 12:    The Chess Clock
+-----------    ---------------    
+
+12.1  Each player must make a certain number of moves in an allotted period 
+      of time, these two factors being specified in advance. The time saved 
+      by a player during one period is added to his time available for the 
+      next period.
+
+12.2  Control of each player's time is effected by means of a clock
+      equipped with a flag (or other special device) for this purpose. 
+      The flag is considered to have fallen when the arbiter observes 
+      the fact, or when the arbiter determines that the allotted time 
+      has been exceeded, even though the flag, because of a defect, 
+      has not fallen when the end of the minute hand has passed the 
+      end of the flag. In cases where no arbiter is present, the flag 
+      is considered to have fallen when a claim to that effect has been 
+      made by a player.
+
+12.3  At the time determined for the start of the game, the clock of the 
+      player who has the white pieces is started. During the game, each 
+      of the players, having completed his move, stops his own clock and 
+      starts his opponent's clock.
+
+12.4  Every indication given by a clock is considered to be conclusive
+      in the absence of evident defects. A player who wishes to claim 
+      any such defect must do so as soon as he himself has become aware 
+      of it, but not later than immediately after his flag has fallen 
+      at the time-control. A clock with an obvious defect should be 
+      replaced, and the time used by each player up to the time the 
+      game was interrupted should be indicated on the new clock as 
+      accurately as possible. The arbiter shall use his best judgment 
+      in determining what times shall be shown on the new clock. If 
+      the arbiter decides to add time used to the clock of one or both 
+      of the players, he shall under no circumstances (except as provided 
+      for in Article 10.13(b)) leave a player with:
+      (a)  less than five minutes to the time-control; or
+      (b)  less than one minute for every move to the time-control.
+
+12.5  If the game needs to be interrupted for some reason which requires
+      action by the arbiter, the clocks shall be stopped by the arbiter. 
+      This should be done, for example, in the case of an illegal position 
+      being corrected, in the case of a defective clock being changed, or 
+      if the piece which a player has declared he wishes to exchange for 
+      a promoted pawn is not immediately available, or to claim a draw by 
+      repetitions of position or under the 50 moves rule. If the arbiter 
+      is not present, a player may stop both clocks in order to seek the 
+      arbiter's assistance.
+
+12.6  In the case of Articles 8.1 and 8.2 [Illegal Positions], when it is 
+      not possible to determine the exact time used by each player up to 
+      the moment when the irregularity occurred, each player shall be 
+      allotted up to that moment a time proportional to that indicated by 
+      the clock when the irregularity was ascertained. 
+      For example, after Black's 30th move it is found that an irregularity 
+      took place at the 20th move. For these 30 moves, the clock shows 90 
+      minutes for White and 60 minutes for Black, so it is assumed that the 
+      times used by the two players for the first 20 moves were as follows:  
+      for White:   90 x 20/30 = 60 minutes
+      for Black:   60 x 20/30 = 40 minutes  
+      This rule must not be used to leave a player with less than five
+      minutes to the time control, or less than one minute for every move 
+      to the time control. (The most common occasion when this problem 
+      arises is immediately after an adjournment, when the clock times can 
+      be most easily adjusted using the times on the sealed move envelope.)
+
+12.7  A resignation or an agreement to draw (Articles 10.2 and 10.4) 
+      remains valid even if it is found later that a flag had fallen.
+
+12.8  If both flags have fallen at virtually the same time [or if both 
+      have fallen before a claim is made by either player] and the arbiter 
+      is unable to establish clearly which flag fell first, the game shall 
+      continue. In this case, if the scoresheets cannot be brought up to 
+      date showing that the time control has been passed, the next move 
+      played will be considered to be the first one of the following 
+      time-control.
+
+12.9  The arbiter [and everyone else, for that matter] shall refrain from 
+      calling a player's attention to the fact that his opponent has made a 
+      move or that the player has forgotten to stop his clock after he has 
+      made a move, or informing the player how many moves he has made, etc.
+
+ 
+
+Article 13:    The Adjournment Of The Game    
+-----------    ---------------------------
+ 
+13.1  (a)  If a game is not finished at the end of the time prescribed 
+           for play, the player having the move must write his move in 
+           unambiguous notation on his scoresheet, put his scoresheet and 
+           that of his opponent in an envelope, seal the envelope, and 
+           only then stop his clock without starting his opponent's clock. 
+           Until he has stopped the clocks, the player retains the right 
+           to change his sealed move. If, after being told by the arbiter 
+           to seal his move, the player makes a move on the chessboard, he 
+           must write that same move on his scoresheet as his sealed move.
+      (b)  A player having the move who adjourns the game before the end 
+           of the playing session will have added to the used time on his 
+           clock the whole of the remaining time to the end of the session.
+
+13.2  Upon the envelope shall be indicated:
+      (a)  the names of the players;
+      (b)  the position immediately before the sealed move;
+      (c)  the time used by each player;
+      (d)  the name of the player who has sealed the move; and
+      (e)  the number of the sealed move.
+
+13.3  The arbiter is responsible for the safekeeping of the envelope
+      and should check the accuracy of the information on it.
+
+ 
+
+Article 14:    The Resumption of the Adjourned Game   
+-----------    ------------------------------------
+ 
+14.1  When the game is resumed, the position immediately before the sealed 
+      move shall be set up on the chessboard, and the time used by each 
+      player when the game was adjourned shall be indicated on the clocks.
+
+
+14.2  The envelope shall be opened only when the player who must reply to 
+      the sealed move is present. This player's clock shall be started 
+      after the sealed move has been made on the chessboard.
+      (a)  If two players have agreed to a draw and announce their decision 
+           to the arbiter; or
+      (b)  if one of the players in an adjourned game notifies the arbiter 
+           that he resigns and it is found, when the envelope has been
+           opened, that the sealed move is invalid according to Article 
+           10.16, then in (a) the draw stands and in (b) the resignation 
+           is still valid.
+
+14.3  If the player having to respond to the sealed move is absent, his 
+      clock shall be started but the envelope containing the sealed move 
+      shall be opened only when he arrives. The player's clock shall then 
+      be stopped and restarted after the sealed move has been played on 
+      the chessboard.
+
+14.4  If the player who has sealed the move is absent, the player having 
+      the move is not obliged to reply to the sealed move on the chessboard.
+      He has the right to record his move in reply on his scoresheet, to 
+      seal the scoresheet in an envelope, to stop his clock and start his 
+      opponent's clock. The envelope should then be put into safekeeping 
+      and opened on the opponent's arrival.
+
+14.5  If the envelope containing the move recorded in accordance with 
+      Article 13 has disappeared:
+      (a)  the game shall be resumed from the position at the time of 
+           adjournment and with the clock times recorded at the time of 
+           adjournment;
+      (b)  if it is impossible to re-establish the position, the game is 
+           annulled and a new game must be played;
+      (c)  if the time used at the time of the adjournment cannot be
+           re-established, this question is decided by the arbiter. The 
+           player who sealed the move makes it on the board.  
+
+14.6  If, upon resumption of the game, the time used has been incorrectly 
+      indicated on either clock, and if either player points this out 
+      before making his first move, the error must be corrected. If the 
+      error is not so established, the game continues without correction, 
+      unless the arbiter feels that the consequences will be too severe.
+
+14.7  The duration of each resumption session shall be controlled by the 
+      wall clock, with the starting time and the finishing time announced 
+      in advance.
+
+ 
+
+Article 15:    The Conduct Of The Players   
+-----------    --------------------------
+ 
+15.1  Prohibitions:
+      (a)  During play, the players are forbidden to make use of 
+           hand-written, printed or otherwise recorded matter, or to 
+           analyse the game on another chessboard. They are also forbidden 
+           to have recourse to the advice of a third party, whether 
+           solicited or not. 
+           [The only possible exception is that a player in a team
+           competition may be allowed to ask his captain  "Should I accept 
+           his offer of a draw?" or  "Does the team need me to play for a 
+           win?". The captain or acting-captain must limit his reply to an 
+           immediate  "Yes",  "No", or  "It's up to you", without supplying 
+           his answer after a detailed analysis of the position, and without 
+           making his answer emphatic in any way. This captain, like all his 
+           players, is not allowed to receive opinions, from any source, on 
+           the states of play of any games still in progress] .
+      (b)  The use of notes made during the game as an aid to memory is 
+           also forbidden, aside from the actual recording of the moves 
+           and the times on the clocks.
+      (c)  No analysis is permitted in the playing rooms during play or 
+           during resumption sessions.
+      (d)  It is forbidden to distract or annoy the opponent in any manner 
+           whatsoever. This includes the persistent offering of a draw.
+
+15.2  Infractions of the rules indicated in Article 15.1 may incur penalties 
+      even to the extent of the loss of the game (see Article 16.5).
+
+ 
+
+Article 16:    The Arbiter 
+-----------    -----------
+
+      An arbiter should be designated to control the competition. His 
+      duties are:
+
+16.1  to see that the Laws are strictly observed;
+
+16.2  to supervise the progress of the competition, to establish that the 
+      prescribed time-limit has not been exceeded by the players, to arrange
+      the order of resumption of play of adjourned games, to see that the 
+      arrangements contained in Article 13 are observed (i.e. to see that 
+      the information on the envelope is correct), to keep the sealed-move 
+      envelope until the resumption of the adjourned game, etc;
+      
+16.3  to enforce the decisions he may make in disputes that have arisen 
+      during the course of the competition;
+
+16.4  to act in the best interests of the competition to ensure that a good 
+      playing environment is maintained and that the players are not 
+      disturbed by each other or by the audience;
+
+16.5  to impose penalties on the players for any fault or infraction of 
+      the Laws. These penalties may include a warning, a time penalty 
+      (by adding to the player's used time or to his opponent's unused time) 
+      or even the loss of the game.
+
+ 
+
+Article 17:    Scoring   
+-----------    -------  
+
+      For a won game, the winner gets 1 (one) point and the loser 0 (zero).
+      For a draw, each player gets   (half) a point.
+
+ 
+
+Article 18:    The Interpretation of the Laws    
+-----------    ------------------------------
+ 
+      In case of doubts as to the application or interpretation of the Laws, 
+      F.I.D.E. will examine the evidence and render official decisions. 
+      Rulings published are binding on all affiliated federations. All 
+      proposals and questions about interpretations should be submitted by 
+      member federations, with complete data.
+
+ 
+
+Article 19:    Validity   
+-----------    --------
+
+      This English text is slightly modified from the authentic version 
+      of the Laws of chess, as adopted by the 1984 F.I.D.E. Congress, and  
+      subsequently amended by the 1988 and 1992 F.I.D.E. Congresses. These 
+      Laws took effect from 1 January 1993.
+
+ 
+
+
+-- 
+Steve Rix,
+Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Edinburgh. 
+E-mail: [email protected],   phone: +44 (31) 650 8565.