A bunch of chess-related papers.HEAD master

author: Scott Gasch <[email protected]> 2016-06-01 19:04:57 -0700
committer: Scott Gasch <[email protected]> 2016-06-01 19:04:57 -0700
commit: 10acef9e6f2d1f56a39c7f4b9ccf4b4be6f8bed7 (patch)
tree: 72a2bacbe76e6bf5b4c344279559f17cccb0ec35 /parallel/ciancarini94comparison.ps
1 files changed, 24943 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/parallel/ciancarini94comparison.ps b/parallel/ciancarini94comparison.ps
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+(int\312master_main\(int\312n_worker,int\312depth\))show
+379 97 gm
+({)show
+390 97 gm
+(position\312*root,*successor;)show
+401 97 gm
+(int\312nmoves,minimax,i,master\(\),worker\(\);)show
+412 97 gm
+(for \(i=0;i<n_worker;i++\))show
+423 115 gm
+(eval \("worker",worker\(depth\)\);  /* create n workers */)show
+434 97 gm
+(while \(!end\(\)\))show
+445 115 gm
+({)show
+456 115 gm
+(load_new_position \(&root\); /* a new game tree */)show
+467 115 gm
+(nmoves=genmoves\(root,&successor\);)show
+478 115 gm
+(if \(nmoves==0\)   /* no search to do? */)show
+489 133 gm
+(return\(evaluate\(root\)\);)show
+500 115 gm
+(out \("root",*root\); /* put new tree in agenda */)show
+511 115 gm
+(out\312\("sync",n_worker\);)show
+522 115 gm
+(for \(i=0;i<n_worker;i++\))show
+533 133 gm
+(out\312\("job",NEW_POSITION\); /* new job */)show
+544 115 gm
+0.42297 0. 32 0.04229 0.(in\312\("sync",0\); /* master continues only after all workers are ready)awidthshow
+555 97 gm
+(*/)show
+566 115 gm
+(minimax=master\(n_worker,nmoves,depth,successor\);/* search */)show
+577 115 gm
+(in\312\("root",*root\);  /* delete visited tree */)show
+588 115 gm
+(})show
+599 97 gm
+(for \(i=0;i<n_worker;i++\))show
+610 115 gm
+({)show
+621 115 gm
+(out\("job",QUIT\);  /* end of task */)show
+632 115 gm
+(in\("worker", 0\);  /* delete worker */)show
+643 115 gm
+(})show
+654 97 gm
+(return \(0\);)show
+665 97 gm
+(})show
+687 97 gm
+(int\312master\(int\312n_worker,int\312nmoves\))show
+698 97 gm
+({)show
+709 97 gm
+(int\312nmoves,local_score,subtree,free,best;)show
+720 97 gm
+(local_score=-INFINITE;  /* initialize local score */)show
+731 97 gm
+(out\312\("score", local_score\);  /* initialize global score */)show
+742 97 gm
+(free = n_worker;)show
+753 97 gm
+(subtree = 1;)show
+F T cp
+%%Page: ? 8
+op
+30 28 811 566 fr
+0 0 xl
+1 1 pen
+0 0 gm
+(nc 0 0 0 0 6 rc)kp
+91 336 gm
+(nc 30 28 811 566 6 rc)kp
+F 1 setTxMode
+0 fs
+10 fz
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Helvetica fnt
+bn
+(A Comparison of Parallel Search Algorithms)show
+773 79 gm
+(UBLCS-94-14)show
+773 519 gm
+(6)show
+119 97 gm
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Courier fnt
+bn
+(while \(\(subtree <= nmoves\) || \(free<n_worker\)\))show
+130 205 gm
+(/* loop terminates when job done */)show
+141 115 gm
+(if \(\(subtree <= nmoves\) && \(free>0\)\))show
+152 169 gm
+(/* more tasks in agenda and a worker is idle? */)show
+163 133 gm
+({ out\("job",subtree\); /* insert search task in agenda */)show
+174 133 gm
+(free--;)show
+185 133 gm
+(subtree++;)show
+196 133 gm
+(})show
+207 115 gm
+(else     /* wait completion of a task */)show
+218 133 gm
+({)show
+229 133 gm
+(in \("result",?value,?r_subtree\);  /* get result */)show
+240 133 gm
+(if \(value>local_score\)  /* improved score? */)show
+251 151 gm
+({ local_score=value;     /* local update of score */)show
+262 151 gm
+(in \("score",?int\);)show
+273 151 gm
+(out\("score",local_score\); /* global update of score */)show
+284 151 gm
+(best=r_subtree;)show
+295 151 gm
+(})show
+306 133 gm
+(free++;})show
+317 97 gm
+(in \("score",?int\); /* to avoid interference with next search */)show
+329 97 gm
+(return \(local_score\);)show
+340 97 gm
+(})show
+360 233 gm
+11 fz
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(Fig)show
+1 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+(.)show
+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(4)show
+1 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+( Core algorithm: master)show
+378 77 gm
+0 gr
+378 525 lin
+397 79 gm
+F 1 setTxMode
+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+0.75927 0. 32 0.07592 0.(Creating and terminating an active tuple for each task is an expensive activity in Network Linda,)awidthshow
+408 79 gm
+1.31683 0. 32 0.13168 0.(thus we have defined a general worker structure that can survive the end of a task and can be)awidthshow
+419 79 gm
+(specialized when it is necessary.)show
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+0 gr
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+455 97 gm
+(nc 30 28 811 566 6 rc)kp
+F 1 setTxMode
+10 fz
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Courier fnt
+bn
+(int\312worker\(int depth\))show
+467 97 gm
+({)show
+479 97 gm
+(position *root,*successor,*tree_pointer;)show
+491 97 gm
+(int nmoves,subtree,score,value,job_type,quit,s;)show
+503 97 gm
+(quit=false;)show
+515 97 gm
+(while\(!quit\))show
+527 115 gm
+({)show
+539 115 gm
+(in\("job",?job_type\);)show
+551 115 gm
+(switch\312\(job_type\))show
+563 133 gm
+({)show
+575 133 gm
+(case\312QUIT:  /* terminate */)show
+587 151 gm
+(quit=true;)show
+599 151 gm
+(break;)show
+611 133 gm
+(case\312NEW_POSITION: /* new game tree */)show
+623 151 gm
+(in\("position",?*root\);)show
+635 151 gm
+(in\("sync",?s\);)show
+647 151 gm
+(out\("sync",s-1\);)show
+659 151 gm
+(nmoves=genmoves\(root,&successor\);)show
+671 151 gm
+(break;)show
+683 133 gm
+(default: /* sequential )show
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Symbol fnt
+bn
+(ab)show
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Courier fnt
+bn
+( */)show
+695 151 gm
+(subtree=job_type;)show
+707 151 gm
+(tree_pointer=successor+subtree-1;)show
+719 151 gm
+(makemove\(tree_pointer\);)show
+731 151 gm
+(rd\("score",?score\);  /* update local score */)show
+743 151 gm
+(value=-alphabeta\(tree_pointer,-INFINITE,-score,depth\);)show
+F T cp
+%%Page: ? 9
+op
+30 28 811 566 fr
+0 0 xl
+1 1 pen
+0 0 gm
+(nc 0 0 0 0 6 rc)kp
+91 336 gm
+(nc 30 28 811 566 6 rc)kp
+F 1 setTxMode
+0 fs
+10 fz
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Helvetica fnt
+bn
+(A Comparison of Parallel Search Algorithms)show
+773 79 gm
+(UBLCS-94-14)show
+773 519 gm
+(7)show
+119 151 gm
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Courier fnt
+bn
+(out\("result",value,subtree\);)show
+131 151 gm
+(undomove\(tree_pointer\);)show
+143 151 gm
+(break;)show
+155 133 gm
+(})show
+167 115 gm
+(})show
+179 97 gm
+(return\312\(0\);})show
+199 232 gm
+11 fz
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(Fig)show
+1 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+(.)show
+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(5)show
+1 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+( Core algorithm: worker)show
+217 77 gm
+0 gr
+217 525 lin
+236 79 gm
+F 1 setTxMode
+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+1.33102 0. 32 0.13310 0.(Our goal is to compare some parallel search strategies with their sequential versions. We have)awidthshow
+247 79 gm
+1.65176 0. 32 0.16517 0.(developed and tested different programs all based on such an algorithm. The experiments we)awidthshow
+258 79 gm
+1.15219 0. 32 0.11521 0.(describe used the Bratko)awidthshow
+258 193 gm
+1.17324 0. 32 0.11732 0.(-Kopec positions [BraKop82] to measure the speedup on an increasing)awidthshow
+269 79 gm
+(number of workstations.)show
+280 79 gm
+0.13885 0. 32 0.01388 0.(The most important value we measured is time T to search a game tree. For sequential versions, this)awidthshow
+295 79 gm
+0.11901 0. 32 0.01190 0.(is defined as the interval between the root invocation of )awidthshow
+295 328 gm
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Symbol fnt
+bn
+0.03961 0.(ab)ashow
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+0.11077 0. 32 0.01107 0.( and its termination \(we actually measure)awidthshow
+307 79 gm
+0.33569 0. 32 0.03356 0.(CPU time used for such an evaluation\). For the parallel versions, we let the master to measure time)awidthshow
+318 79 gm
+1.42822 0. 32 0.14282 0.(between the distribution of the root node and the collection of its minimax value \(for such an)awidthshow
+329 79 gm
+0.63201 0. 32 0.06320 0.(evaluation we used real time; the network was used during unloaded hours\). Other parameters we)awidthshow
+340 79 gm
+(recorded are shown in Fig.6.)show
+369 110 gm
+1 fs
+10 fz
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+(Procs)show
+369 167 gm
+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(processors used for the search \(master+workers\))show
+355 80 gm
+0 gr
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+390 119 gm
+F 1 setTxMode
+1 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+(T)show
+386 167 gm
+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(total search time in seconds for all 24 positions)show
+372 82 gm
+0 gr
+374 82 lin
+372 80 gm
+374 80 lin
+372 83 gm
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+F 1 setTxMode
+1 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+(N)show
+407 167 gm
+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(total searched nodes for all 24 positions)show
+393 82 gm
+0 gr
+395 82 lin
+393 80 gm
+395 80 lin
+393 83 gm
+393 161 lin
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+395 161 lin
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+F 1 setTxMode
+1 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+(S)show
+434 167 gm
+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(speedup )show
+0 0 pen
+445 254 gm
+(nc 419 202 445 254 6 rc)kp
+0 gr
+445 254 lin
+psb
+currentpoint
+pse
+419 202 gm
+419 202 lin
+psb
+30 dict begin
+currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub 1664 div 832 3 -1 roll exch div scale currentpoint translate 64 46 translate
+-23 434 moveto
+/fs 0 def
+/sf {exch dup /fs exch def dup neg matrix scale makefont setfont} def
+/f1 {findfont dup /cf exch def sf} def
+/ns {cf sf} def
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+(\() show
+99 434 moveto
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+(=) show
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+320 /Helvetica f1
+(T) show
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+(1) show
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+(T) show
+587 679 moveto
+256 ns
+(nr) show
+821 679 moveto
+256 /Helvetica f1
+(.) show
+920 679 moveto
+256 /Helvetica f1
+(proc) show
+/thick 0 def
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+16 th 366 351 moveto 1077 0 rlineto stroke
+1463 434 moveto
+320 /Helvetica f1
+(\)) show
+end
+pse
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+F 1 setTxMode
+1 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+(E)show
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+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(relative efficiency  )show
+0 0 pen
+477 295 gm
+(nc 451 244 477 295 6 rc)kp
+0 gr
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+psb
+currentpoint
+pse
+451 244 gm
+451 244 lin
+psb
+30 dict begin
+currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub 1632 div 832 3 -1 roll exch div scale currentpoint translate 64 42 translate
+-23 438 moveto
+/fs 0 def
+/sf {exch dup /fs exch def dup neg matrix scale makefont setfont} def
+/f1 {findfont dup /cf exch def sf} def
+/ns {cf sf} def
+320 /Helvetica f1
+(\() show
+99 438 moveto
+320 /Symbol f1
+(=) show
+783 237 moveto
+320 /Helvetica f1
+(S) show
+376 683 moveto
+(nr) show
+660 683 moveto
+320 /Helvetica f1
+(.) show
+768 683 moveto
+320 /Helvetica f1
+(proc) show
+/thick 0 def
+/th { dup setlinewidth /thick exch def } def
+16 th 366 355 moveto 1046 0 rlineto stroke
+1432 438 moveto
+320 /Helvetica f1
+(\)) show
+end
+pse
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+1 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+(Fpm)show
+492 167 gm
+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(average production factor)show
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+0 gr
+480 82 lin
+478 80 gm
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+1 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+(Fpmw)show
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+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(average production factor for workers)show
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+0 gr
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+1 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+(SO)show
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+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(search overhead )show
+0 0 pen
+541 299 gm
+(nc 517 234 541 299 6 rc)kp
+0 gr
+541 299 lin
+psb
+currentpoint
+pse
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+currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub 2080 div 768 3 -1 roll exch div scale currentpoint translate 64 46 translate
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+/fs 0 def
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+374 233 moveto
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+256 ns
+(nr) show
+839 233 moveto
+256 /Helvetica f1
+(.) show
+938 233 moveto
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+(proc) show
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+(N) show
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+(1) show
+/thick 0 def
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+(-) show
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+(\)) show
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+1 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+(SS)show
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+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(search speed )show
+0 0 pen
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+(nc 547 220 571 246 6 rc)kp
+0 gr
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+psb
+currentpoint
+pse
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+currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub 832 div 768 3 -1 roll exch div scale currentpoint translate 64 46 translate
+-23 434 moveto
+/fs 0 def
+/sf {exch dup /fs exch def dup neg matrix scale makefont setfont} def
+/f1 {findfont dup /cf exch def sf} def
+/ns {cf sf} def
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+(\() show
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+/thick 0 def
+/th { dup setlinewidth /thick exch def } def
+16 th 366 351 moveto 247 0 rlineto stroke
+633 434 moveto
+320 /Helvetica f1
+(\)) show
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+1 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+(S)show
+9 fz
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Bold fnt
+bn
+(SS)show
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+0 fs
+10 fz
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+(speed gain )show
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+0 gr
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+psb
+currentpoint
+pse
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+currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub 1920 div 768 3 -1 roll exch div scale currentpoint translate 64 46 translate
+-23 434 moveto
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+/f1 {findfont dup /cf exch def sf} def
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+(\() show
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+256 ns
+(nr) show
+1100 233 moveto
+256 /Helvetica f1
+(.) show
+1199 233 moveto
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+bn
+(Fig.21)show
+0 fs
+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Roman fnt
+bn
+( )show
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+bu fc
+2 F /|______Times-Italic fnt
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+2.32254 0. 32 0.23225 0.(Such a table shows that the cost to be paid for communication overhead on a network of)awidthshow
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+(6. Conclusions)show
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+0.09750 0. 32 0.00975 0.(We have compared a number of parallel search algorithms in the domain of chess. We used Linda to)awidthshow
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+1.17568 0. 32 0.11756 0.(performances were progressively improved, especially using democratic cooperation with a low)awidthshow
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+(following reasons:)show
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+(\245\312search overhead, given by duplication of subtree evaluation;)show
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+(\245\312synchronisation overhead, given by bad load balancing.)show
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+0.73684 0. 32 0.07368 0.(got always an increase in another. For instance, the algorithm with dynamic splitting of the game)awidthshow
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+(programs.)show
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+0.55175 0. 32 0.05517 0.(On the other hand, we got bad comparison results for algorithms based on dynamic distribution of)awidthshow
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+(environment; in fact, we found the following results in literature:)show
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+0.34454 0. 32 0.03445 0.(\245\312[Eli90] reports that the program Oracol, based on dynamic splitting and written in Orca, gets a maximum)awidthshow
+356 101 gm
+(speedup of 5.5 on a multiprocessor with shared memory and 10 processors.)show
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+1.61331 0. 32 0.16133 0.(\245\312[FMM92] presents a dynamic algorithm based on "young-brothers-wait". On a transputer with 256)awidthshow
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+(processors, the authors report a surprising speedup of 126 \(depth 8-plies\).)show
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+0.74722 0. 32 0.07472 0.(These results suggest that dynamic splitting algorithms can offer good performances, but only on)awidthshow
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+0.30899 0. 32 0.03089 0.(cheap. It would be interesting to test out general dynamic splitting algorithm on these architectures.)awidthshow
+424 79 gm
+1.09130 0. 32 0.10913 0.(Also, it would be interesting to verify in massively parallel machines the asyntotic convergence)awidthshow
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+(postulated in [MOS86] for static splitting methods .)show
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+0.00860 0.(Acknowledgements)ashow
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+3.80035 0. 32 0.38003 0.(. This paper has been partially supported by ESPRIT BRA Project)awidthshow
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+(UBLCS-94-14)show
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+0.00982 0.([ABD82])ashow
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+%%Trailer
+cd
+end
+%%Pages: 20 0
+%%EOF
author	Scott Gasch <[email protected]>	2016-06-01 19:04:57 -0700
committer	Scott Gasch <[email protected]>	2016-06-01 19:04:57 -0700
commit	10acef9e6f2d1f56a39c7f4b9ccf4b4be6f8bed7 (patch)
tree	72a2bacbe76e6bf5b4c344279559f17cccb0ec35 /parallel/ciancarini94comparison.ps